Data integrity

A persuasive graphic needs a defensible definition. Review units, time windows, denominators, missing observations, and the boundary between synthetic examples and measured results. This collection focuses on the choices that can change a chart’s apparent meaning even when its numbers are technically correct.

Begin with the question you want to answer, then inspect the matching example and its source values. These guides use invented data to make definitions and calculations reproducible. Read the visible measure, unit, period, and limitation together; no chart example here is a live market quote or a personal recommendation. The related topic links below offer different routes through the same editorial library.